Changes: Wi-Fi How To

Latest revision as of 07:43, 21 June 2021

Welcome! Wireless Wiki is a practical, comprehensive, and objective resource for wireless communications, particularly wireless access to the Internet, and related wireless technologies (e.g., cellular). Founded by John Navas.

Click to Search Wireless Wiki with Google

Contributions and corrections are encouraged and appreciated, but please first visit our Community Portal for Important Policies on Content, Style, What we are, What we aren't, and answers to your questions.

Collection of "How To" step-by-step recipies for making Wi-Fi work better.

Tip:	See also Wi-Fi (main article) and Fast Fixes to Wi-Fi Problems

Get started

Wireless Networking Need To Know 2006

Measure wireless network performance

Internet speed testing (e.g., NDT) probably won't tell you anything about your wireless network performance (because wireless is normally faster than an Internet connection).
Instead, measure data transfer throughput between two computers on your network, using software tools such as:
Iperf
Netio
Wireless to wireless speed will probably be much less than wireless to wired speed, because only one wireless link in one direction can be active at any one time.
Always ensure that you don't have any VPN connected at the time you are measuring your wireless network performance because even the speediest VPNs usually tend to slow down your internet speed because of the encryption taking place.

Network Monitoring

Monitor network throughout, amount of data sent/received, etc.

See Network Monitors.

Why and How to do a Site Survey

See Site Survey Tools

Wireless LAN layout

	Single floor (horizontal) layout and channel assignments of multiple access points (all with the same unique SSID) for maximum coverage with minimum interference.
For multiple floors (vertical) layout, stagger the vertical arrangement.

Use a wireless router as a wireless access point

Set IP address (manually)
In the same address range as your other devices
That doesn't conflict with any other device (e.g., router)
Disable internal DHCP server.
Connect (Ethernet) cable to LAN port, not WAN/Internet port.
Nothing connected to WAN/Internet port.
May need to use crossover type cable.
Disable any wireless-to-wired isolation feature.

WPA/WPA2

WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) and WPA2 are strongly preferred over WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) because WEP can be easily cracked. There are two forms of WPA/WPA2: Personal or PSK (Pre-Shared Key), and Enterprise (RADIUS authentication).

Use WPA Personal with Windows 98/Me/2000

Microsoft provides WPA/WPA2 support for Windows XP. For earlier versions of Windows, third-party software must be used:

McAfee (free for WPA-PSK)
Odyssey Access Client (commercial)
wpa_supplicant (free, for Linux, BSD, and Windows)

Use WPA/WPA2 Enterprise

WPA Enterprise enhances security and is preferred over WPA because each client is authenticated separately. (Sharing a key is a security risk.) Practical authentication (RADIUS) solutions for small wireless networks include:

Radiuz (free external RADIUS service)
ZyXEL G-2000 Plus (wireless router with built-in PEAP server)

Secure a wireless network

Why to do it: Worried about Wi-Fi security?

What to do:

Change the SSID to something truly unique (e.g., instead of Linksys, something like John Doe's private wireless).
Use some form of WPA security with a strong passphrase. (WEP is easily and quickly cracked.)
Use a personal firewall (software firewall) on all networked computers (wired or wireless).
Secure all network shares
Either ensure remote access to the wireless administrator interface is disabled, or set a strong wireless administrator password.
For more information, see Wi-Fi Security and Wikibooks:Wifi/Security.
For things not to do, see Wi-Fi Security Myths.

Secure WDS

WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) cannot normally be used to secure WDS (Wireless Distribution System) wireless repeating/range extension. However, according to the TechTarget Expert Answer Center, current versions of the following products support WDS with WPA (albeit likely only with products from the same vendor):

Apple Airport
Sveasoft Alchemy
Belkin 802.11g Wireless Network Access Point
3COM OfficeConnect Wireless 108 Mbps 11g PoE Access Point
Corinex Wireless to Powerline Router G

Setup a hotspot

See:

Controlling WLAN access on a tight budget
Intel Wireless Hotspot Deployment Guide (link currently broken)
Non-Intel link #1 (11/2003 version)
Non-Intel link #2 (9/2005 version)
Wireless Isolation
Wikipedia:Hotspot (Wi-Fi)

Liability:

Hotspot hardware

Products that provide "captive portal" or splash page functionality:

Hotspot software

Products that provide "captive portal" or splash page functionality:

DNS Redirector (Runs on Windows XP/2K/2K3 using any existing AP hardware)
Free RADIUS (open source RADIUS server)
ZoneCD (Public IP)

Hotspot systems

Turnkey hardware and software:

HotSpotSystem.com

Controlling "squatters" and "leeching"

Of varying effectiveness:

Password from the operator that must be entered on the initial splash or signon page, changed periodically.
WEP or WPA key that changes periodically.
Drastically reduced transmit power on the access point.
Distance measuring devices that can tell if the client is inside or outside.
Turn off wireless during off hours.
Don't provide electrical power (limiting use to battery capacity).
Download quotas and Quality of Service (QoS). These are rule based quotas for what an individual client may download. QoS is also good for preventing a user from hogging all your bandwidth. However, administration is tricky and there are ways around quotas.

Mobile hotspot

Secure Internet access in a public hotspot

Wireless transmissions on a public hotspot are typically unencrypted, and thus exposed to snooping.
All computers on a public hotspot are typically exposed to each other, and thus vulnerable to network attacks.

Use a software firewall

A good software "firewall" will protect your computer from network attacks.
See Wi-Fi Software Firewall.

Secure network shares

Use strong passwords on all system accounts (including Administrator) and on all user accounts.
Microsoft Windows
Use Simple File Sharing (Windows XP only); or
Make sure that all network shares are secured with strong passwords (all versions of Windows). Use Control Panel → Administrative Tools → Computer Management → Shared Folders → Shares to review and check Properties of all network shares.

Use SSL/TLS for email access

Using standard POP3/SMTP email protocols for email over wireless is very dangerous because passwords aren't encrypted. Use of SSL/TLS is the best way to secure email connections.
Email connections can be secured by using a Web-based email (webmail) service that supports SSL/TLS connections. Make sure your browser displays a padlock icon (just below) throughout your email session. Such services include:
Google Mail (Gmail) (free) if you use this link after login: https://mail.google.com/
POP3/SMTP sessions can also be protected if the email provider supports SSL/TLS. Such providers include:
Google Mail (Gmail) (free) (Help available on configuring many email clients)
Even with SSL/TLS, email is still vulnerable to snooping on the public Internet unless individual messages are encrypted (e.g., with S/MIME or OpenPGP).

Use SSL/TLS for sensitive Web pages

Use of any website for sensitive information (e.g., social security number, credit card number, on-line banking, on-line investments, etc.) should always be protected by means of SSL/TLS. The URL (link) should start with https. Make sure your browser displays a padlock icon ([1]) throughout your session.

Use VPN to protect all transmissions

VPN (Virtual Private Networking) is used to construct and connect private networks using the public Internet. Communications are secured by means of some type of encryption, depending on the specific type of VPN.
See Wi-Fi VPN Service Providers.

Give Wi-Fi preference over wired Ethernet (or vice versa)

Interface routing Metrics control which interface will be used at any given time.

Microsoft Windows

Automatic route Metrics:

Interface	Metric
100BaseT wired Ethernet	20
802.11a/g Wi-Fi	25
10BaseT wired Ethernet	30
802.11b Wi-Fi	30

To display route Metrics, Run
%COMSPEC% /K ROUTE PRINT
For which Interface is which IP address, Run
%COMSPEC% /K IPCONFIG /ALL
Preference is given to the lowest Metric, or to the first bound Interface for equal Metrics, as shown for Default Route.

Route Metrics can be controlled with the Interface Metric option in Advanced TCP/IP Settings for a Connection.
To give Wi-Fi preference over any wired Ethernet, set the Metric of Wireless to 10.
To give any wired Ethernet preference over Wi-Fi, set the Metric of Wireless to 40.

Make a Wi-Fi antenna or reflector for cheap

www.FreeAntennas.com
Really works!
Can help even when antenna isn't replaceable
Wikipedia:Cantenna
Coffee Cantenna
TinCantenna
Do-It-Yourself Wireless Antennas Update and Resource Center

Amount of antenna improvement:

Standard "rubber duck" antenna gain (effectiveness) is about 2 dBi.
It takes an increase of 6 dBi to double range. Thus:

Antenna:	2 dBi	8 dBi	14 dBi	etc.
Range:	1x	2x	4x	...

Add additional Wi-Fi access points (to increase coverage)

Configure all access points with same SSID
Ideally use different minimally interfering channels (1, 6, 11)
Place them:
'back-to-back' with directional antennas in opposite directions, or
in different locations.
Additional access points best connected by wire to router, by means of
Standard Ethernet cable
Powerline networking
Phoneline networking
TV cable networking (Ethernet over coax)
Coaxsys
Multilet
Wireless repeater or WDS can be used, but:
Can be difficult to get working
Wireless throughput is cut in half

Configure a Wi-Fi client bridge

For background, see Can't connect to Wi-Fi client bridge and Internet at the same time.

Problem: The NIC on a local computer needs a manually-assigned IP on the same subnet to connect to the client bridge config interface but then can't access the Internet, and when configured for DHCP through the client bridge can then talk to the Internet but not the client bridge.

Solutions:

Multihoming of the NIC (single link, multiple IP addresses)
For Microsoft Windows XP, see "Configuring Multiple IP Addresses on a Network Adapter" in Configuring IP Addressing and Name Resolution. Note: This only works with all manual addresses, not DHCP, which can be problematic when roaming unless managed with configuration manager software (see below)
Two NICs in one computer, both connected to the client bridge:
one manually configured to talk to the client bridge config
the other with DHCP for the Internet
Different computers for
client bridge config (manually configured)
Internet access (DHCP)
Connection manager software for rapid changing of NIC configuration profiles
Boingo Wi-Fi software (free)
Mobile Net Switch
NetSwitcher

Test and compare user interfaces

Product simulators:

Wireless Broadband (3G) Routers

Use 3G cellular data instead of DSL or cable modem:

EVDO info
Junxion Box (works with CDMA or GSM)
Kyocera KR1 Mobile Router
Nexus Hawk (works with 802.11a/b/g, GSM and CDMA simultainiously)
Top Global routers

Tip:	Use of cellular data service as a non-mobile DSL/cable modem replacement may be against the terms of service of a given carrier (e.g., Verizon Wireless).

Make shore Wi-Fi work better on a boat

See Wi-Fi on a Boat

Share USB devices over Wi-Fi

New bi-directional USB 2.0 servers provide more functionality than older USB servers, including support for multi-function printers.

Wireless USB 2.0 servers
Silex SX-2000WG Hi-Speed Wireless USB Device Server
Wired USB 2.0 servers (Can be adapted to Wi-Fi by cabling to wireless access point or wireless router, or with a wireless Ethernet [client] bridge.)
IOGEAR 2-Port USB 2.0 Multi-Function Print/Storage Server
Keyspan USB 2.0 Server
Zonet ZPS2000 Multi-Function USB 2.0 Print Server

Share your Internet with a neighbor via Wi-Fi

Tip:	Opening up your Internet to outsiders may violate your ISP's terms of service and can be a serious security risk.

Extend Wi-Fi through a brick wall

Do you really need to go through a brick wall? Try going around the wall, with a directional antenna on the router site, and a reflector, above, below, or to the side of the wall. Reflectors can be as simple as a sheet of heavy aluminum foil, or you can use a pair of directional antennas wired back-to-back if more signal is needed.
Run a cable from one of wireless router's antenna connectors around or (drilled) through the wall, and on the other side of the wall attach an antenna.
Run Cat-5 or better cable from one of wireless router's RJ45 ports around or (drilled) through the wall, and on the other side of the wall attach a wireless access point.
Use powerline, phoneline, or coax networking to attach a wireless access point on the other side of the wall, if any of these cables are available on both sides of the wall.

Roam seamlessly (using VPN)

Information:

Mobile IP (MobileInfo.com)
RFC 2002 IP Mobility Support
Network design with Mobile IP

Products:

To Do:

Please contribute if you can, or check back later for content.

Wake on LAN

See Wikipedia:Wake-on-LAN

For Wake-on-LAN from 'outside' a router (e.g., over the Internet), what's needed is router support for directed broadcasts, which most low-end routers lack because directed-broadcasts is a security risk (e.g., Smurf attack) and isn't of much interest to the home/SOHO market in any event. Thus this is normally found only in more sophisticated products.

Products with Wake-On-LAN support:
Buffalo AirStation 125 High-Speed Mode Wireless Secure Remote Gateway

Make a Wi-Fi enclosure

To Do:

Please contribute if you can, or check back later for content.

Microsoft Windows

File and Printer Sharing

PracticallyNetworked
Windows XP Simple File Sharing
Windows XP Professional File Sharing
Microsoft
File and Printer Sharing with Microsoft Windows
Troubleshooting File and Printer Sharing in Microsoft Windows XP

Windows Security

Troubleshooting Resources

Configure manual IP address

Start → Control Panel → Network Connections
Right-click on desired network connection, and select Properties on the pop-up menu
Scroll the connection item list if necessary and double-click Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
Select Use the following IP address
Enter desired IP address (must be in the same subnet as other local network devices, typically something like 192.168.0.100 or 192.168.1.100, depending on whether other devices are in ".0." or ".1." etc.)
Enter appropriate Subnet mask (typically 255.255.0.0)
Enter Default gateway (often the address of your router, something like 192.168.0.1 or 192.168.1.1)
If needed, configure DNS servers (obtained from your ISP)
Click OK to close all windows

Configure automatic IP address

e.g., by DHCP

Start → Control Panel → Network Connections
Right-click on desired network connection, and select Properties on the pop-up menu
Scroll the connection item list if necessary and double-click Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)
Select Obtain an IP address automatically
Select Obtain DNS server address automatically
Click OK to close all windows

Reset Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) in Windows XP

See How to reset Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) in Windows XP (KB 299357)

Display network adapter configuration

Click Start → Run
Type:
%COMSPEC% /K IPCONFIG /ALL
Press [Enter]

Release DHCP lease

Click Start → Run
Type:
%COMSPEC% /K IPCONFIG /RELEASE
Press [Enter]

Renew DHCP lease

Click Start → Run
Type:
%COMSPEC% /K IPCONFIG /RENEW
Press [Enter]

Flush DNS cache

Click Start → Run
Type:
%COMSPEC% /K IPCONFIG /FLUSHDNS
Press [Enter]

Display ARP cache (table)

Click Start → Run
Type:
%COMSPEC% /K ARP -A
Press [Enter]

Flush ARP cache (table)

Click Start → Run
Type:
%COMSPEC% /K NETSH INTERFACE IP DELETE ARPCACHE
Press [Enter]

Display active network connections and listening ports

Click Start → Run
Type:
%COMSPEC% /K NETSTAT -A
Press [Enter]

Display Ethernet statistics

Click Start → Run
Type:
%COMSPEC% /K NETSTAT -E [standard display]
%COMSPEC% /K NETSTAT -E -S [detailed display]
Press [Enter]

For a repeating display, add the repeat interval in seconds to the end of the above commands; e.g. %COMSPEC% /K NETSTAT -E 10 [repeats at 10 second intervals]
See also Wi-Fi Network Monitors.

Display Windows networking connections

Click Start → Run
Type:
%COMSPEC% /K NBTSTAT -S
Press [Enter]

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 '''Collection of "How To" step-by-step recipies for making Wi-Fi work better.'''
 {{Tip|tiptext=See also ''[[Wi-Fi|Wi-Fi (main article)]]'' and ''[[Fast Fixes to Wi-Fi Problems]]''}}
 __FORCETOC__
@@ Line 12: / Line 13: @@
 * Internet speed testing (''e.g., ''[http://nitro.ucsc.edu/ NDT]) probably ''won't'' tell you anything about your wireless network performance (because wireless is normally faster than an Internet connection).
 * Instead, measure data transfer throughput between two computers on your network, using software tools such as:
-** [http://dast.nlanr.net/Projects/Iperf/ Iperf]
+* [http://sourceforge.net/projects/iperf Iperf]
-** [http://freshmeat.net/projects/netio/ Netio]
+* [http://freshmeat.net/projects/netio/ Netio]
 * Wireless to ''wireless'' speed will probably be much less than wireless to ''wired'' speed, because ''only one wireless link in one direction can be active at any one time''.
+* Always ensure that you don't have any VPN connected at the time you are measuring your wireless network performance because even the [https://www.reviewsdir.com/fastest-vpn-services/ speediest VPNs] usually tend to slow down your internet speed because of the encryption taking place.
 == Network Monitoring ==
@@ Line 25: / Line 27: @@
 * [http://www.networkcomputing.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=188500632 Crash Course: Wireless Site Surveys]
 * [http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk722/tk809/technologies_q_and_a_item09186a00805e9a96.shtml Wireless Site Survey FAQ] (Cisco)
+* [https://www.ittsystems.com/wifi-heat-maps-software-and-tools/ Wifi Site Survey & Heat Map HowTo]
 == Wireless LAN layout ==
+{|
-Single floor (horizontal) layout and channel assignments of multiple access points (all with the same unique [[wikipedia:Service set identifier|SSID]]) for maximum coverage with minimum interference:
+|[[Image:Wireless LAN Channel Grid.png]]
+|Single floor (horizontal) layout and channel assignments of multiple access points (all with the same unique [[wikipedia:Service set identifier|SSID]]) for maximum coverage with minimum interference.
-[[Image:Wireless LAN Channel Grid.png|center]]
+|-
-For multiple floors (vertical) layout, stagger the vertical arrangement.
+|For multiple floors (vertical) layout, stagger the vertical arrangement.
+|[[Image:Wireless LAN Channel Grid multi floors.png]]
+|}
 == Use a wireless router as a wireless access point ==
 # Set [[wikipedia:IP address|IP address]] (manually)
-#* In the ''same address range'' as your other devices
+# In the ''same address range'' as your other devices
-#* That ''doesn't conflict'' with any other device (''e.g.,'' router)
+# That ''doesn't conflict'' with any other device (''e.g.,'' router)
 # Disable internal [[wikipedia:Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol|DHCP]] server.
 # Connect ([[wikipedia:Ethernet|Ethernet]]) cable to ''[[wikipedia:Local area network|LAN]]'' port, not [[wikipedia:Wide area network|WAN]]/Internet port.
-#* Nothing connected to WAN/Internet port.
+# Nothing connected to WAN/Internet port.
-#* May need to use ''[[wikipedia:Ethernet crossover cable|crossover]]'' type cable.
+# May need to use ''[[wikipedia:Ethernet crossover cable|crossover]]'' type cable.
 # Disable any wireless-to-wired isolation feature.
@@ Line 55: / Line 60: @@
 WPA Enterprise enhances security and is preferred over WPA because each client is authenticated separately. (Sharing a key is a security risk.) Practical authentication ([[wikipedia:RADIUS|RADIUS]]) solutions for small wireless networks include:
 * [http://radiuz.net Radiuz] (free external RADIUS service)
-* [http://www.tinypeap.com tinyPEAP] (free PEAP server for Linksys WRT54G/GS routers)
 * [http://us.zyxel.com/web/product_family_detail.php?PC1indexflag=20040520161256&CategoryGroupNo=1FD9B843-06BE-448D-B770-5383D40CD32E ZyXEL G-2000 Plus] (wireless router with built-in PEAP server)
@@ Line 67: / Line 71: @@
 # [[#Secure network shares|Secure ''all'' network shares]]
 # Either ensure remote access to the wireless administrator interface is disabled, or set a [[wikipedia:Password strength|strong]] wireless administrator password.
-* For more information, see ''[[Wi-Fi#Wi-Fi Security|Wi-Fi Security]]'' and ''[[Wikibooks:Wifi/Security]]''.
+# For more information, see ''[[Wi-Fi#Wi-Fi Security|Wi-Fi Security]]'' and ''[[Wikibooks:Wifi/Security]]''.
-** For things ''not'' to do, see ''[[Wi-Fi#Wi-Fi Security Myths|Wi-Fi Security Myths]]''.
+# For things ''not'' to do, see ''[[Wi-Fi#Wi-Fi Security Myths|Wi-Fi Security Myths]]''.
 === Secure WDS ===
 WPA ([[wikipedia:Wi-Fi Protected Access|Wi-Fi Protected Access]]) cannot normally be used to secure WDS ([[wikipedia:Wireless Distribution System|Wireless Distribution System]]) wireless repeating/range extension. However, according to the [http://expertanswercenter.techtarget.com/eac/knowledgebaseAnswer/0,295199,sid63_gci1104925,00.html TechTarget Expert Answer Center], current versions of the following products support WDS with WPA (albeit likely only with products from the same vendor):
@@ Line 83: / Line 86: @@
 * [http://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/general/0,295582,sid14_gci1167675,00.html?track=wsland Controlling WLAN access on a tight budget]
 * '''[ftp://download.intel.com/business/bss/infrastructure/wireless/deployment/hotspot.pdf Intel Wireless Hotspot Deployment Guide] ''(link currently broken)'''''
-** [http://www.nor-tech.com/solutions/dox/Wi-Fi_Hotspot_Deployment_Guide.pdf Non-Intel link #1] (11/2003 version)
+* [http://www.nor-tech.com/solutions/dox/Wi-Fi_Hotspot_Deployment_Guide.pdf Non-Intel link #1] (11/2003 version)
-** [http://802.11junk.com/jeffl/crud/Intel%20HotSpot%20Guide.pdf Non-Intel link #2] (9/2005 version)
+* [http://802.11junk.com/jeffl/crud/Intel%20HotSpot%20Guide.pdf Non-Intel link #2] (9/2005 version)
 * '''[[Wi-Fi#Wireless Isolation|Wireless Isolation]]'''
 * [[Wikipedia:Hotspot (Wi-Fi)]]
@@ Line 97: / Line 100: @@
 * D-Link
-** [http://www.dlink.com/products/?sec=0&pid=173 Airspot DSA-3100 Public/Private Hot Spot Gateway]
+* [http://www.dlink.com/products/?sec=0&pid=173 Airspot DSA-3100 Public/Private Hot Spot Gateway]
-** [http://www.dlink.com/products/?sec=0&pid=402 Airspot DSA-3200 Wireless G Public/Private Hot Spot Gateway]
+* [http://www.dlink.com/products/?sec=0&pid=402 Airspot DSA-3200 Wireless G Public/Private Hot Spot Gateway]
-** [http://www.dlink.com/products/?sec=0&pid=349 Airspot DSA-5100 Public/Private Hot Spot Gateway]
+* [http://www.dlink.com/products/?sec=0&pid=349 Airspot DSA-5100 Public/Private Hot Spot Gateway]
 * [http://www.instanthotspot.com/ Instant HotSpot]
-* [http://www.linksysinfo.org/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=31 Linksys WRT54GL with modified firmware] (Linksysinfo.org)
+* [http://www.linksysinfo.org/forums/showthread.php?t=47282 Linksys WRT54GL with modified firmware] (Linksysinfo.org)
-** See also ''[[Wi-Fi#3rd-party Firmware|Wi-Fi 3rd-party Firmware]]''
+* See also ''[[Wi-Fi#3rd-party Firmware|Wi-Fi 3rd-party Firmware]]''
 * [http://www.smc.com/index.cfm?event=viewProduct&localeCode=EN_USA&cid=94&scid=&pid=1422 SMCWHSG44-G EliteConnect Wireless Hotspot Gateway]
 * [http://www.sonicwall.com/products/tz150_wireless.html SonicWALL TZ 150 Wireless]
@@ Line 111: / Line 114: @@
 * [http://www.dnsredirector.com DNS Redirector] (Runs on Windows XP/2K/2K3 using any existing AP hardware)
 * [http://www.freeradius.org/ Free RADIUS] (open source [[wikipedia:RADIUS|RADIUS]] server)
-* [http://www.tinypeap.com/ tinyPEAP] (very small [[wikipedia:RADIUS|RADIUS]] server)
 * [http://www.publicip.net/ ZoneCD] (Public IP)
@@ Line 130: / Line 132: @@
 === Mobile hotspot ===
 * Mobile [[wikipedia:Recreational vehicle|RV]] systems
-** [http://www.radiolabs.com/products/wireless/waverv.php WaveRV]
+* [http://www.radiolabs.com/products/wireless/waverv.php WaveRV]
 * RV hotspots
-** [http://www.wififreespot.com/rv.html Free Wi-Fi in RV Parks and Campgrounds]
+* [http://www.wififreespot.com/rv.html Free Wi-Fi in RV Parks and Campgrounds]
-** [http://www.modemfriendly.com/ Guide to Modem Friendly Campgrounds]
+* [http://www.modemfriendly.com/ Guide to Modem Friendly Campgrounds]
-** [http://www.rversonline.org/RVMFHSE.html List of Free or low cost WiFi RV Parks]
+* [http://www.rversonline.org/RVMFHSE.html List of Free or low cost WiFi RV Parks]
-** [http://www.rvtravel.com/wifi.html RV Park WiFi Hotspots]
+* [http://www.rvtravel.com/wifi.html RV Park WiFi Hotspots]
-** [http://www.rv-wireless-internet.com/ RV Wireless Internet]
+* [http://www.rv-wireless-internet.com/ RV Wireless Internet]
 * RV hotspot providers
-** [http://www.rvwifi.com/ RVwifi]
+* [http://www.rvwifi.com/ RVwifi]
-** [http://www.wifirv.com/ WiFiRV]
+* [http://www.wifirv.com/ WiFiRV]
 == Secure Internet access in a public hotspot ==
@@ Line 152: / Line 154: @@
 * Use ''[[Wi-Fi#What Makes for a Strong Password or Passphrase?|strong passwords]]'' on ''all system accounts'' (including Administrator) and on ''all [[Wikipedia:User (computing)|user accounts]]''.
 * Microsoft Windows
-*# Use ''[http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?kbid=304040 Simple File Sharing]'' (Windows XP only); or
+* Use ''[http://support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?kbid=304040 Simple File Sharing]'' (Windows XP only); or
-*# Make sure that ''all network shares are secured with strong passwords'' (all versions of Windows). Use ''Control Panel'' &rarr; ''Administrative Tools'' &rarr; ''Computer Management'' &rarr; ''Shared Folders'' &rarr; ''Shares'' to review and check ''Properties'' of all network shares.
+* Make sure that ''all network shares are secured with strong passwords'' (all versions of Windows). Use ''Control Panel'' &rarr; ''Administrative Tools'' &rarr; ''Computer Management'' &rarr; ''Shared Folders'' &rarr; ''Shares'' to review and check ''Properties'' of all network shares.
 === Use SSL/TLS for email access ===
 * Using standard [[wikipedia:Post Office Protocol|POP3]]/[[wikipedia:Simple Mail Transfer Protocol|SMTP]] email protocols for email over wireless is '''very dangerous''' because '''passwords aren't encrypted'''. '''''Use of '''[[wikipedia:Transport Layer Security|SSL/TLS]]''' is the best way to secure email connections.'''''
 * Email connections can be secured by using a [[wikipedia:Web-based email|Web-based email]] (webmail) service that supports SSL/TLS connections. ''Make sure your browser displays a padlock icon (just below) throughout your email session.'' Such services include:
-** Google Mail (Gmail) (free) '''''if''''' you use this link ''after ''login: https://mail.google.com/
+* Google Mail (Gmail) (free) '''''if''''' you use this link ''after ''login: https://mail.google.com/
 * POP3/SMTP sessions can also be protected if the email provider supports SSL/TLS. Such providers include:
-** [http://mail.google.com Google Mail] (Gmail) (free) (Help available on configuring many email clients)
+* [http://mail.google.com Google Mail] (Gmail) (free) (Help available on configuring many email clients)
 * Even with SSL/TLS, '''email is still vulnerable to snooping''' on the public Internet unless individual messages are encrypted (''e.g., ''with [http://www.imc.org/smime-pgpmime.html S/MIME or OpenPGP]).
@@ Line 194: / Line 196: @@
 |}
-* To display route Metrics, Run<br><code>%COMSPEC% /K ROUTE PRINT</code>
+* To display route Metrics, Run<br /><code>%COMSPEC% /K ROUTE PRINT</code>
-** For which Interface is which IP address, Run<br><code>%COMSPEC% /K IPCONFIG /ALL</code>
+* For which Interface is which IP address, Run<br /><code>%COMSPEC% /K IPCONFIG /ALL</code>
-** Preference is given to the lowest Metric, or to the first bound Interface for equal Metrics, as shown for ''Default Route''.
+* Preference is given to the lowest Metric, or to the first bound Interface for equal Metrics, as shown for ''Default Route''.
 * Route Metrics can be controlled with the ''Interface Metric'' option in ''Advanced TCP/IP Settings'' for a Connection.
-** To give Wi-Fi preference over any wired Ethernet, set the Metric of Wireless to 10.
+* To give Wi-Fi preference over any wired Ethernet, set the Metric of Wireless to 10.
-** To give any wired Ethernet preference over Wi-Fi, set the Metric of Wireless to 40.
+* To give any wired Ethernet preference over Wi-Fi, set the Metric of Wireless to 40.
 == Make a Wi-Fi antenna or reflector for cheap ==
 * [http://www.FreeAntennas.com www.FreeAntennas.com]
-** ''Really works!''
+* ''Really works!''
-** Can help even when antenna isn't replaceable
+* Can help even when antenna isn't replaceable
 * [[Wikipedia:Cantenna]]
 * [http://www.oreillynet.com/cs/user/view/wlg/1124 Coffee Cantenna]
@@ Line 231: / Line 233: @@
 * Ideally use different ''[[Wi-Fi#Wi-Fi Channels|minimally interfering channels]]'' (1, 6, 11)
 * Place them:
-** 'back-to-back' with [[wikipedia:Directional antenna|directional antennas]] in opposite directions, or
+* 'back-to-back' with [[wikipedia:Directional antenna|directional antennas]] in opposite directions, or
-** in different locations.
+* in different locations.
 * Additional access points best connected by wire to router, by means of
-** Standard [[wikipedia:Ethernet|Ethernet]] cable
+* Standard [[wikipedia:Ethernet|Ethernet]] cable
-** [[wikipedia:HomePlug Powerline Alliance|Powerline networking]]
+* [[wikipedia:HomePlug Powerline Alliance|Powerline networking]]
-** [[wikipedia:HomePNA|Phoneline networking]]
+* [[wikipedia:HomePNA|Phoneline networking]]
-** [[wikipedia:Multimedia over Coax Alliance|TV cable networking]] (Ethernet over coax)
+* [[wikipedia:Multimedia over Coax Alliance|TV cable networking]] (Ethernet over coax)
-*** [http://www.coaxsys.com/ Coaxsys]
+* [http://www.coaxsys.com/ Coaxsys]
-*** [http://www.multilet.us/ Multilet]
+* [http://www.multilet.us/ Multilet]
 * Wireless repeater or [[wikipedia:Wireless Distribution System|WDS]] can be used, but:
-** Can be difficult to get working
+* Can be difficult to get working
-** Wireless throughput is cut in half
+* Wireless throughput is cut in half
 == Configure a Wi-Fi client bridge ==
@@ Line 252: / Line 254: @@
 '''Solutions:'''
 # [[wikipedia:Multihoming|Multihoming]] of the NIC (single link, multiple IP addresses)
-#* For Microsoft Windows XP, see "Configuring Multiple IP Addresses on a Network Adapter" in [http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/winxppro/reskit/c24621675.mspx Configuring IP Addressing and Name Resolution]. ''Note:'' This only works with all manual addresses, not DHCP, which can be problematic when roaming unless managed with configuration manager software (see below)
+# For Microsoft Windows XP, see "Configuring Multiple IP Addresses on a Network Adapter" in [http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/winxppro/reskit/c24621675.mspx Configuring IP Addressing and Name Resolution]. ''Note:'' This only works with all manual addresses, not DHCP, which can be problematic when roaming unless managed with configuration manager software (see below)
 # Two NICs in one computer, both connected to the client bridge:
-#* one manually configured to talk to the client bridge config
+# one manually configured to talk to the client bridge config
-#* the other with DHCP for the Internet
+# the other with DHCP for the Internet
 # Different computers for
-#* client bridge config (manually configured)
+# client bridge config (manually configured)
-#* Internet access (DHCP)
+# Internet access (DHCP)
 # Connection manager software for rapid changing of NIC configuration profiles
-#* [http://www.boingo.com/download.html Boingo Wi-Fi software] (free)
+# [http://www.boingo.com/download.html Boingo Wi-Fi software] (free)
-#* [http://www.mobilenetswitch.com/ Mobile Net Switch]
+# [http://www.mobilenetswitch.com/ Mobile Net Switch]
-#* [http://www.netswitcher.com/ NetSwitcher]
+# [http://www.netswitcher.com/ NetSwitcher]
 == Test and compare user interfaces ==
@@ Line 288: / Line 290: @@
 * '''Wireless USB 2.0 servers'''
-** [http://www.silexamerica.com/us/products/network/usb/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31 Silex SX-2000WG Hi-Speed Wireless USB Device Server]
+* [http://www.silexamerica.com/us/products/network/usb/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31 Silex SX-2000WG Hi-Speed Wireless USB Device Server]
 * '''Wired USB 2.0 servers''' (Can be adapted to Wi-Fi by cabling to [[Wi-Fi#Wireless Access Point|wireless access point]] or [[Wi-Fi#Wireless Router|wireless router]], or with a [[Wi-Fi#Wireless Ethernet Bridges|wireless Ethernet [client] bridge]].)
-** [http://www.iogear.com/main.php?loc=product&Item=GMFPSU22W6 IOGEAR 2-Port USB 2.0 Multi-Function Print/Storage Server]
+* [http://www.iogear.com/main.php?loc=product&Item=GMFPSU22W6 IOGEAR 2-Port USB 2.0 Multi-Function Print/Storage Server]
-** [http://www.keyspan.com/products/u2s2a/homepage.spml Keyspan USB 2.0 Server]
+* [http://www.keyspan.com/products/u2s2a/homepage.spml Keyspan USB 2.0 Server]
-** [http://www.zonetusa.com/DispProduct.asp?ProductID=237 Zonet ZPS2000 Multi-Function USB 2.0 Print Server]
+* [http://www.zonetusa.com/DispProduct.asp?ProductID=237 Zonet ZPS2000 Multi-Function USB 2.0 Print Server]
 == Share your Internet with a neighbor via Wi-Fi ==
 * See:
-** ''[[Wi-Fi#Wireless Isolation|Wireless Isolation]]''
+* ''[[Wi-Fi#Wireless Isolation|Wireless Isolation]]''
-** ''[[#Setup a Hotspot|Setup a Hotspot]]''
+* ''[[#Setup a Hotspot|Setup a Hotspot]]''
 {{Tip|tiptext=Opening up your Internet to outsiders may violate your ISP's terms of service and can be a serious security risk.}}
@@ Line 317: / Line 320: @@
 * [http://www.ipunplugged.com/products.asp?mi=2.3 ipUnplugged]
 * [http://www.ecutel.com/solutions/viatores.asp Viatores Mobile IP VPN]
 {{TODO}}
@@ Line 322: / Line 326: @@
 * See [[Wikipedia:Wake-on-LAN]]
-* For Wake-on-LAN from 'outside' a router (''e.g.,'' over the Internet), what's needed is router support for ''directed broadcasts'', which most low-end routers lack because directed-broadcasts is a security risk (''e.g.,'' [[wikipedia:Smurf attack|Smurf attack]]) and isn't of much interest to the home/[[wikipedia:Small office/home office|SOHO]] market in any event.  Thus this is normally found only in more sophisticated products.
+* For Wake-on-LAN from 'outside' a router (''e.g.,'' over the Internet), what's needed is router support for ''directed broadcasts'', which most low-end routers lack because directed-broadcasts is a security risk (''e.g.,'' [[wikipedia:Smurf attack|Smurf attack]]) and isn't of much interest to the home/[[wikipedia:Small office/home office|SOHO]] market in any event. Thus this is normally found only in more sophisticated products.
 * Products with Wake-On-LAN support:
-** [http://www.buffalotech.com/products/product-detail.php?productid=88 Buffalo AirStation 125 High-Speed Mode Wireless Secure Remote Gateway]
+* [http://www.buffalotech.com/products/product-detail.php?productid=88 Buffalo AirStation 125 High-Speed Mode Wireless Secure Remote Gateway]
 == Make a Wi-Fi enclosure ==
@@ Line 334: / Line 338: @@
 === File and Printer Sharing ===
 * PracticallyNetworked
-** [http://www.practicallynetworked.com/sharing/xp/filesharing.htm Windows XP Simple File Sharing]
+* [http://www.practicallynetworked.com/sharing/xp/filesharing.htm Windows XP Simple File Sharing]
-** [http://www.practicallynetworked.com/sharing/xp_filesharing/index.htm Windows XP Professional File Sharing]
+* [http://www.practicallynetworked.com/sharing/xp_filesharing/index.htm Windows XP Professional File Sharing]
 * Microsoft
-** [http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=87C0A6DB-AEF8-4BEF-925E-7AC9BE791028&displaylang=en File and Printer Sharing with Microsoft Windows]
+* [http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?FamilyID=87C0A6DB-AEF8-4BEF-925E-7AC9BE791028&displaylang=en File and Printer Sharing with Microsoft Windows]
-** [http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?familyid=fd7fd48d-6b4a-448e-a632-076f98a351a2&displaylang=en Troubleshooting File and Printer Sharing in Microsoft Windows XP]
+* [http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?familyid=fd7fd48d-6b4a-448e-a632-076f98a351a2&displaylang=en Troubleshooting File and Printer Sharing in Microsoft Windows XP]
 === Windows Security ===
 * Windows XP
-** [http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?familyid=2d3e25bc-f434-4cc6-a5a7-09a8a229f118&displaylang=en Windows XP Security Guide]
+* [http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?familyid=2d3e25bc-f434-4cc6-a5a7-09a8a229f118&displaylang=en Windows XP Security Guide]
-*** [http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/prodtech/windowsxp/secwinxp/default.mspx Overview of the Windows XP Security Guide]
+* [http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/prodtech/windowsxp/secwinxp/default.mspx Overview of the Windows XP Security Guide]
-** [http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?familyid=9faba6ed-2e9c-44f9-bc50-d43d57e17078&displaylang=en Step-by-Step Guide to Securing Windows XP Professional in Small and Medium Businesses]
+* [http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?familyid=9faba6ed-2e9c-44f9-bc50-d43d57e17078&displaylang=en Step-by-Step Guide to Securing Windows XP Professional in Small and Medium Businesses]
 * Windows Vista
-** [http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?familyid=A3D1BBED-7F35-4E72-BFB5-B84A526C1565&displaylang=en Windows Vista Security Guide]
+* [http://www.microsoft.com/downloads/details.aspx?familyid=A3D1BBED-7F35-4E72-BFB5-B84A526C1565&displaylang=en Windows Vista Security Guide]
 * [http://www.microsoft.com/technet/security/default.mspx TechNet Security Center]
 === Troubleshooting Resources ===
+* [http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc766215%28WS.10%29.aspx How to troubleshoot wireless network connections in Windows Vista]
 * [http://support.microsoft.com/kb/313242/ How to troubleshoot wireless network connections in Windows XP]
 * [http://support.microsoft.com/kb/314067/ How to troubleshoot TCP/IP connectivity with Windows XP]
@@ Line 390: / Line 395: @@
 === Display network adapter configuration ===
 # Click ''Start'' &rarr; ''Run''
-# Type:<br><code>%COMSPEC% /K IPCONFIG /ALL</code>
+# Type:<br /><code>%COMSPEC% /K IPCONFIG /ALL</code>
 # Press [Enter]
 === Release DHCP lease ===
 # Click ''Start'' &rarr; ''Run''
-# Type:<br><code>%COMSPEC% /K IPCONFIG /RELEASE</code>
+# Type:<br /><code>%COMSPEC% /K IPCONFIG /RELEASE</code>
 # Press [Enter]
 === Renew DHCP lease ===
 # Click ''Start'' &rarr; ''Run''
-# Type:<br><code>%COMSPEC% /K IPCONFIG /RENEW</code>
+# Type:<br /><code>%COMSPEC% /K IPCONFIG /RENEW</code>
 # Press [Enter]
 === Flush DNS cache ===
 # Click ''Start'' &rarr; ''Run''
-# Type:<br><code>%COMSPEC% /K IPCONFIG /FLUSHDNS</code>
+# Type:<br /><code>%COMSPEC% /K IPCONFIG /FLUSHDNS</code>
 # Press [Enter]
 === Display ARP cache (table) ===
 # Click ''Start'' &rarr; ''Run''
-# Type:<br><code>%COMSPEC% /K ARP -A</code>
+# Type:<br /><code>%COMSPEC% /K ARP -A</code>
 # Press [Enter]
 === Flush ARP cache (table) ===
 # Click ''Start'' &rarr; ''Run''
-# Type:<br><code>%COMSPEC% /K NETSH INTERFACE IP DELETE ARPCACHE</code>
+# Type:<br /><code>%COMSPEC% /K NETSH INTERFACE IP DELETE ARPCACHE</code>
 # Press [Enter]
 === Display active network connections and listening ports ===
 # Click ''Start'' &rarr; ''Run''
-# Type:<br><code>%COMSPEC% /K NETSTAT -A</code>
+# Type:<br /><code>%COMSPEC% /K NETSTAT -A</code>
 # Press [Enter]
@@ Line 426: / Line 431: @@
 # Click ''Start'' &rarr; ''Run''
 # Type:
-#* <code>%COMSPEC% /K NETSTAT -E</code>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[standard display]
+# <code>%COMSPEC% /K NETSTAT -E</code>&nbsp;[standard display]
-#* <code>%COMSPEC% /K NETSTAT -E -S</code>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[detailed display]
+# <code>%COMSPEC% /K NETSTAT -E -S</code>&nbsp;[detailed display]
 # Press [Enter]
-* For a repeating display, add the repeat interval in seconds to the end of the above commands; ''e.g. ''<code>%COMSPEC% /K NETSTAT -E 10</code>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[repeats at 10 second intervals]
+* For a repeating display, add the repeat interval in seconds to the end of the above commands; ''e.g. ''<code>%COMSPEC% /K NETSTAT -E 10</code>&nbsp;[repeats at 10 second intervals]
 * '''See also ''[[Wi-Fi#Network Monitors|Wi-Fi Network Monitors]]''.'''
 === Display Windows networking connections ===
 # Click ''Start'' &rarr; ''Run''
-# Type:<br><code>%COMSPEC% /K NBTSTAT -S</code>
+# Type:<br /><code>%COMSPEC% /K NBTSTAT -S</code>
 # Press [Enter]
 [[Category:Wi-Fi]]